Quick Review on Veterinary Pharmacology

TERMINOLOGY

• Agonist: Drug that has affinity for receptor to and stimulates the receptor to action.
• Amnesia: Partial/complete loss of memory
• Anaphrodisiaces: decreased sexual desire
• Antizymotic: Agent that control fermentation
• Bioavailability: The percent of dose entering the systemic circulation after administration of a given dosage form.
• Biotransformation: It is the body’s ability to change a drug chemically forming the form in which it was administered in to a form that can eliminate from the body. Mostly occurs in liver induces by microsomal enzymes
• Carminatives: Agent that causes the expulsion of gas from intestine
• Conjugation: The addition of the glucoronic acid to the drug molecules; when glucoronic acid is attached to a drug molecule, the drug become more water soluble.
• Contraindication: is a reason not to use a drug in a particular situation.
• Dentifrices: Agent that clean the teeth
• Diaphroretic: Agent that causes secretion of sweat
• Dipilatories: Agent that remove superficial hairs
• Drug abuse: Misuse of a drug under conditions considered "more destructive than constructive for society and the individual.
• Ecbolics: Agent that cause contraction of uterine muscles
• Efficacy: is degree to which a drug produces its desire effects in patients.
• Embolient: Soothing effect(Paraffin)
• Emetics: Agent that causes vomition
• First-pass effect: All drugs that are absorbed from the intestine enter the hepatic portal vein and pass through the liver before they are distributed systemically.
• Half-Life: The amount of time (usually express in hours) that it takes for the quantity of adrug in the body to be reduced by 50%
• Hallucinogen: False perception
• Hydrolysis: Splitting of the drug molecule with the addition of a water molecule to each of the split portions.
• Hypnotic: Induce sleep
• Lavege: Washing out stomach
• Metrology: Study of drug weight
• Mydriatics: Agent that dilates pupils
• Myotics: Agent that controls the dilatation of pupils
• Narcotics: Produce profound sleep
• Nystagmus: Jerkey movement of eye
• Oxidation: Loss of electrons
• Pergative: Evaluation of bowels
• Pharmacodynamic: The study of the mechanisms of action of drugs and other biochemical and physiological effects (What the drug does to the body)
• Pharmacokinetic: The study of the movement of drugs in the body, including the processes of absorption, distribution, localization in tissues, biotransformation and excretion (What the body does to the drug)
• Posology: Study of drug dose
• Prescription drug: is one that must be used under the supervision of a veterinarian.
• Pro-drug: Has no pharmacologic activity until converted into an active compound. i.e. alpha-methyl dopa is converted to the biologically active agent, alpha-methyl-norepinephrine (alpha2-agonist).
• Reduction: Gain of electrons
• Rubefacients: Redness of skins
• Sialics: Agent that increase the saliva
• Stomachic: Agent that increase the gastric secretion
• Therapeutic index: A number, LD50/ED50, which is a measure of the approximate "safety factor" for a drug; a drug with a high index (i.e. aspirin) can presumably be administered with greater safety than one with a low index (i.e. Digoxin)
• Therapeutic index: express the relation between a drug’s therapeutics and harmful effects.
• Therapeutic window: Difference between the ED50 (half-maximal effective dose) and LD50 (half-maximal toxic dose), indicating the dose range in which the drug is active
• Withdrawal time: It is the amount of time that must be elapse between the end of drug therapy and
• Zero-order kinetics: Mechanism of chemical reaction in which the reaction velocity is apparently independent of the concentration of all the reactants.

DRUG ACTING ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

The psychotic disorders are classified into 3 major groups:

• Anxiety disorders (phobia and sleeping disorders)
• Effective/mood disorders (depression)
• Personality disorders (Schizophrenia)

Anxiolytic Drugs

• Benzodiazepines(BDZ)
• Barbiturate.
• Buspirone

Antidepressant Drugs:

• Tricyclic/Plycyclic
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
• Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

Neurolytic Drugs:

• Phenothiazin
• Buteopheanol

NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING DRUGS

NMJ blockers: Structural similarity to acetylcholine

• Succinylcholine (Anectine) {depolarizing blocker, Ach} -- two linked acetylcholine molecules
• Nondepolarizing agents also contain a "double-acetylcholine" form; however this form is hidden by ring systems-- e. g. pancuronium (Pavulon)
• Contains 1-2 quaternary nitrogens which result in limited lipid-solubility {limited CNS penetration}

1. Major classes of non-depolarizing blocking drugs
2. Isoquinoline derivatives 
3. Tubocurarine

• Atracurium (Tracrium)
• Doxacurium (Nuromax)
• Mivacurium (Mivacron)

 Steroid derivatives

• Pancuronium (Pavulon)
• Vecuronium (Norcuron)
• Pipecuronium (Arduan)
• Rocuronium (Zemuron)

Cemical Classes of Antibiotics - Biological Source - Mode of Action

• Beta-lactam (Penicillins and cephalosporin) - Penicillium notatum  and Cephalosporium species - Inhibits in cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis and murein assembly
• Semisynthetic beta-lactams (Ampicillin, Amoxicillin) - 00 - Inhibits steps in cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis and murein
• assembly
• Monobactams (Aztreonam) - Chromobacterium violaceum - Inhibits in cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis
• Clavulanic Acid - Streptomyces clavuligerus -Inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamases
• Aminoglycosides - Streptomyces griseus - Inhibit translation (30S ribosome)
• Tetracyclines (OTC) - 00 - Inhibit translation (50S ribosome)
• Erythromycin - 00 - Inhibit translation (50S ribosome)
• Chloramphenicol - Streptomyces venezuelae - Inhibit translation (50S ribosome)
• Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones - Synthetic - Inhibits DNA replication (DNA gyrase)

COMMON POISONS/AGENTS AND THEIR ANTIDOTE

• Amitraz, Xylazine, Clonidine = Yohimbine, Aphrodine, Corynine, Quebrachine
• Antimony = Dimercarpol or BAL (British Anti-lewisite)
• Arsenic = BAL
• Atropine, ivermectin,poisoning = Neostigmine
• Bites from Brown Recluse Spider = Dapsone, Diaminodiphenylsulfone
• Bracken Fern Poisoning = Thiamine
• Carbamate = Atropine Sulphate
• Carbon mono-oxide = Oxygen (5-10)%
• Cisplatin, Iodine, Arsenic, Chlorates, Cyanide = Sodium Thiosulfate, Sodium Hyposulfite, Sodium nitrate
• Copper = Ammonium molybdate
• Copper, iron, selenium, cobalt, lead, arsenic = Vitamin C
• Coumarin, Sweet clover = Vitamin K
• Cyanide, hydrogensulfide, acrylonitrile, chloroform, iodine and strychnine poisonings = Amyl Nitrite
• Cyanide, opiate, phosgene and formaldehyde poisoning = Ammonium Acetate (Dilute 7%)
• Dimercaprol analog = Meso-dimercaptosuccinate, Dimercaptosuccinate
• Drug overdose Phenothiazine Derivativesand Tranquilizers (Acepromazine) = Diphenhydramine HCL
• Drug overdose: Atropine, Cyclobenzaprine, Hyoscyamine = Physostigmine Salicylate
• Heavy metal = BAL
• Lead, cobalt, copper, manganese, zinc and hexachlorobenzene poisoning = Calcium Disodium Edetate, Calcium-EDTA
• Metallic lead; lead battery, lead shot, especially of cattle, swine = Magnesium Sulphate, Epsom Salts
• Nitrates, Nitrites = Methylene Blue
• Organochlorines and Chlorinated hydrocarbons = Phenobarbital, Sodium Phenobarbital
• Organophosphate pesticides = Atropine Sulphate
• Organophosphorus = Oximes
• Sulpha drugs = NaHCO3
• Urea toxicity = Acetic acid (4%-6%), Vinegar (5%)
• Xylazine, amitraz, overdose and poisoning. = Atipamezole HCL

TOXINS: Called As

• Plant toxin = Phytotoxin,    Fungal toxin = Mycotoxin
• Toad toxin = Bufotoxin,      Snake bite = Venon
• Bacterial toxin = Endo and exo toxin, Lower animal toxin = Zootoxin

POISONS AND EFFECT ON

• Alfatoxin: Nuclic acid,                Chloramphenicol - Bone marrow
• Nitrates: Blood,                            Lead: Haemopoetic system
• DDT: Ion-channel,                       Organophosphate: Cholinesterase
• Arsenic: Sulphahydryl group,    HCN: Cytochrome oxidase
• Na-fluroacetate: TCA cycle